Essay about The Lottery - 534 Words

Shirley Jacksons, The Lottery, has raised questions in the back of every readers mind towards the destructive yet blind rituals of mankind. A reflection of ourselves is what we see when looking through the pond of Jacksons mind. The Lottery clearly expressed Jacksons feelings concerning traditional rituals through her story, opened the eyes of its readers to properly classify and question some of todays traditions as cruel, and allowed room to foretell the outcome of these unusual traditions. Jacksons feelings towards the misuse of tradition as an excuse to cause harm have triggered her creativity for the creation of The Lottery. Jackson obviously saw examples of this misuse of tradition and ingeniously placed it into an†¦show more content†¦Hazing is a ritual performed in high schools, gangs, colleges, and even your own best friend can be in on it. Perhaps just as barbaric as the stoning, no good at all results from hazing. The running of the bulls, in Italy, may also be co mpared to The Lottery. Many deaths have been cause by the bulls running ramped through the streets, yet this tradition is not about to be abolished due to the endless support of participators along with media and tourists. What does it take to end these cruel and misunderstood traditions and evolve into a more civilized society where we can see what kind of harm they cause? In the story, the townspeople were against abolishing the tradition of stoning and if our society feels the same, there will never be a chance for our civilization to grow together. What ever happened to the townspeople in this story? Could they have finally given in and abolished the lottery for the next year? Perhaps they never did abolish the lottery and eventually destroyed each other on a wide-scale basis. Any way you chose to compare the situations, our future depends heavily upon the allowance of evolution through our present standpoints and how we select to alter it. Human nature will prevail no matter wh at our society wants to alter; however, who is to say that human nature is a violent one without compassion for fellow spirit? ShirleyShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery1112 Words   |  5 PagesPAPER INTERDICIPLINARY LITERATURE â€Å"THE LOTTERY† [pic] Compiled by : Nida Agniya Septiara (F1F010038) Laeli Fadilah (F1F010052) Lisa Ayu Christiana Putri (F1F010022) Yunita Marangin Lumbantoruan (F1F010084) JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT ENGLISH LITERATURE 2013 INTRODUCTION Read More The Lottery Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesword lottery, you probably think of winning a large sum of money before being stoned to death. quot; The Lotteryquot; by Shirley Jackson brings this horrible idea to life. While the overall mood of the story depicts a typical day in a small rural town, through great use of imagery and irony, one is set up for an unusual ending. Shirley Jackson uses the element of surprise. The way of the story ends is unlike anyone could predict. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main object of The Lottery is theRead MoreThe Lottery Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesJacksons most famous short story, quot;The Lotteryquot;. Her insights and observations about man and society are disturbing; and in the case of quot;The Lottery,quot; they are shocking. quot;The themes themselves are not new, evil cloaked in seeming good, prejudice and hypocrisy, loneliness and frustration, psychological studies of minds that have slipped the bonds of realityquot; (Friedman). Literary critic, Elizabeth Janeway wrote that, quot; The Lottery makes its effect without having to stateRead MoreSummary of The Lottery872 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story that this paper will look at is The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. It was first published in The New Yorker on 26 June 1948. It is one of the most famous short stories in the history of United States literature history. This paper is a summary of the story from my point of view. The Lottery is a work of fiction that demonstrates rebellion and conformity while insinuating that a lottery is part of a ritualistic ceremony. The author was born in 1919. She struggled with depression throughoutRead MoreThe Lottery Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lottery, but not its exact purpose. Do the townspeople know? Is this omission significant? Intentional? No, the townspeople do not know the lottery’s exact purpose. This omission is not significant because it seems there is no point in the lottery and why these people are operating such horrid acts. It is more intentional; the townspeople are playing it safe thinking they are keeping a tradition, yet no one seems brave enough to ask why? 3. Why is much of the history of the lottery andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery 1036 Words   |  5 PagesSince reading The Lottery by Shirely Jackson, I’ve been thinking more about culture, traditions, and perspective. Not just that, but how it can sometimes take adopting an unbiased, non judgmental, or outside perspective in order to see things for what they really are. The way that the narrator in this story adopts such a position allows for a clearer view of the events of the story. In The Lottery, the narrator speaks to us in a non participant and objective manner. We hear and see events unfoldRead MoreLottery Is Good or Not1635 Words   |  7 PagesIs lottery a good idea? These days, a lot of people play lottery and spend a certain amount of money on it while few of them earn back what they spend. Someone says lottery is a kind of tax collected by the government on peoples’ luck and desire to be rich. In another aspect, lottery is also gambling, and it could make people to be a millionaire in a night if the person is lucky enough, however, it has a negative effect that it causes inequality, crimes and so on. So lottery is not a positive ideaRead MoreThe Day Of The Lottery1397 Words   |  6 Pagesin a small town are gathering on a warm, beautiful summer day in the square for the lottery. The children, who have just finished school, are playing while waiting on their parents to meet them in the square and are gathering up rocks into a pile off to the side. Everyone enters the square and the parents call their children over to stand with the family. Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, the men who conduct the lottery, arrive in the square with the black box. The box is falling apart and Mr. SummersRead More The Lottery Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages The Message Sent in â€Å"The Lottery† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The shock value of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is not only widely known, but also widely felt. Her writing style effectively allows the reader to pass a judgment on themselves and the society in which they live. In â€Å"The Lottery† Jackson is making a comparison to human nature. It is prominent in all human civilizations to take a chance as a source of entertainment and as this chance is taken, something is both won and lost. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;AsRead MoreThe Lottery. The Lottery Has Three Adaptations And Those1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lottery The Lottery has three adaptations and those would include the Novel, Film, and Graphic Novel. Out of all three each have a somewhat similar setting and character build but also have a little tweak to each one. Now of course when first reading it I thought the setting was more in the old days but soon I found out it was done in a modern time. Each character has a specific role and they do share a story but out of all the adaptations the graphic novel describes them the best. Of course

The Fourth Amendment, And California V. Greenwood

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution states that people have the right â€Å"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,† but the issue at hand here is whether this also applies to the searches of open fields and of objects in plain view and whether the fourth amendment provides protection over these as well. In order to reaffirm the courts’ decision on this matter I will be relating their decisions in the cases of Oliver v. United States (1984), and California v. Greenwood (1988) which deal directly with the question of whether a person can have reasonable expectations of privacy as provided for in the fourth amendment with regards to objects in an open field or in plain view. The differentiation between open fields and private property must be made before one can proceed to form an opinion regarding the constitutionality of a warrantless search of an open field. Oliver v. United States is a case in which police officers, acting on reports from neighbors that a patch of marijuana was being cultivated on the Oliver farm, entered on to private property ignoring â€Å"No Trespassing† signs, and on to a secluded open portion of the Oliver property without a warrant, discovered the marijuana patch and then arrested Oliver without an arrest warrant. The Maine Judicial Court held that â€Å"No Trespassing† signs posted around the Oliver property â€Å"evinced a reasonable expectation of privacy,† and therefore the court held thatShow MoreRelatedFourth Amendment : Search And Seizure963 Words   |  4 PagesFourth Amendment: Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the personsRead MoreThe Case Of Kyllo V. United States951 Words   |  4 PagesIn the case of Kyllo v. United States, I believe that the federal government did not exceed boundaries set by the Fourth Amendment. Conducting basic surveillance of the home with a basic thermal imager, Kyllo’s illegal activities were inferred using common patterns associated with indoor marijuana growth, and this information was used to obtain a search warrant. Although agents used extrasensory technology to view the normally invisible heat radiating from the home, their actions did not infringeRead Morevirginia v morre Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesVirginia v. Moore 272 Va. 717 Facts: The day was February 20,2003, in the city of Portsmouth where two Portsmouth police officers had pulled a vehicle over who was driven by David Lee Moore. While listening to police radio they had heard that the man they pulled over who went by the nickname â€Å"chubs† was driving on a suspended license. The officer’s soon determined that chubbs was indeed driving on a suspended license. The officers who made the stop arrested chubbs for the misdemeanor of drivingRead MoreThe Rights Of The United States1199 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is essentially the points of the Declaration of Independence our founding fathers wanted to stress as the most important. Although all amendments are important it’s hard to have these rights without one in particular: The fourth amendment, the right to privacy. The amendment was created in order to prevent the government from abusing their powers or to protect against arbitrary police powers. During the early birth of the United States in 1761 a lawyerRead More 4th Amendment Essay examples1107 Words   |  5 Pages4th Amendment In the late 1700s the 4th Amendment was written because of strong objections to the Writs of Assistance or general warrants. The Writs Assistance gave officials the right to enter any home and seize belongings without a reasonable cause. (Grolier Encyclopedia) The 4th amendment was ratified in the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1771. This amendment protects the peoples right to privacy and security. (Encarta Online) The Fourth Amendment states, The right of the people toRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Declaration Of Independence Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesnot infringe upon. In other words, it was written to protect Americans from abuse of power by different areas of their government. Each amendment says what the government is capable of doing or limits its powers by providing certain rules they must abide by. Each of these amendments plays an important role in today’s society. For instance, the fourth amendment is mainly about privacy, and has been implemented to protect against unreasonable searches and seizures by State, or Federal law enforcementRead MoreCase Analysis : Mary Sullivan s Body1278 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilial searching as it has not yet been supported by Congress due to 4th Amendment privacy rights. The argument that the relatives of individuals with database profiles will constantly be at risk for investigation, thereby placing their under indirect watch and weake n people’s privacy rights. In California v. Greenwood, the Supreme Court held that evidence acquired from discarded property is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Both Mary Sullivan family and Desalvo family never believed Albert DeSalvoRead MoreStabilisation in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Tools for Oil Gas Investors34943 Words   |  140 Pages......................59 4.4.2 Occidental v Ecuador...........................................................................................................60 4.4.3 Feldman ...............................................................................................................................63 4.4.4 EnCana v Ecuador ...............................................................................................................64 4.4.5 CMS v Argentina.................................Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesModernizing government: the calculating self, hybridization, and performance measurement Liisa Kurunmaki and Peter Miller  ¨ 10. Analytics of costing system design Eva Labro 11. Understanding management control systems and strategy Kim Langfield-Smith v vii xi 1 20 42 69 92 117 146 166 198 217 243 x CONTENTS 12. Management accounting, operations, and network relations: debating the lateral dimension Jan Mouritsen and Allan Hansen 13. Trends in budgetary control and responsibilityRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesshould, he claims, return to its roots of a true customer focus. A broadly similar line of argument has been pursued by Christopher et al. (1991), who highlight the fundamental importance of marketing relationships rather than one-off transactions. The fourth, final and most radical position is that of reappraisal, which, according to Brown (1995, p. 45), gives acknowledgement to: successful in its present form. Despite the latter-day ‘triumph’ of marketing, the failure rate of new products is as high

How does lack of information technology affect quality of Healthcare free essay sample

How does lack of information technology affect quality of Healthcare? Abstract As per Institute of Medicine, â€Å"healthcare quality† is defined as the extent to which health services provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired health outcomes. The quality of care which is offered by the US Health Care lags much behind its competitors at the international level, on all measurable parameters. One such field is the failure to use proper Information Technology to support the quality of care. Despite the huge amount of money being spent on healthcare by the US government, the quality of care that is delivered is poor. Several loop holes exist in making proper utilization of information technology in health care which are discussed below. There could be changes made in each aspect of quality of care to overcome such defects and make health care more accessible, affordable and convenient for everyone. For example, electronic medical records (EMR/EHR) are one of the basics in Health Information Technology. Their advantages have been highlighted in this paper. Though the nation spends a huge chunk of its GDP on healthcare, it is still not able to successfully implement the EMRs throughout the nation, in the health care system. Implementing these records in the system will affect the quality of health care delivery enormously. This paper attempts to explain few methods to implement this system for improving health care systems. Overall this entire article speaks about how the lack of information technology affects different sectors in quality of care, existing strategies in market and the goals to improve the health care. Introduction Institute of Medicines Committee on Quality Health Care in America states â€Å"Information technology must play a central role in the redesign of the health care system if a substantial improvement in quality is to be achieved over the coming decade. † But, The Institute of Medicines report on medical errors reports dangers inherent in the U. S. medical care system that might cause up to 98,000 deaths in hospitals and cost approximately $38 billion per year. U. S lags behind other countries at the international level in the usage of EMR. This is because of the failure of the primary care physicians to use EMR. The reasons for this could be due to the high costs which estimates of costs of $28 billion per year during a 10 year deployment and more 16$ billion per year after adopting the interoperable EMR systems in U. S health care. The complexities in health delivery systems pose challenges to achieve interoperability. There should be proper coordination among the health care providers like physicians, specialists and technicians to use the EMR systems effectively without any confusion. Comprehensive staff training is needed. Extensive staff training programmes and coordination and planning to train staff from all sections across the hospital are required during implementation of EMR system. As explained in the article, Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U. S. Health Care System Compares Internationally, 2010 Update (http://www. commonwealthfund. org/Publications/Fund-Reports/2010/Jun/Mirror-Mirror-Update. aspx? page=all), the high quality care is defined in the commissions National Scorecard as care that is effective, safe, coordinated, patient-centered. Quality of care can be studied under three aspects; safe care, coordinated care and effective care. Below listed are some of the points about how does the lack of proper usage of information technology affect the three sections. Also, the existing strategies are mentioned and focus on how we can improve these strategies by using some new policies to achieve improvements in the health care quality is explained in detail. How does lack of proper information technology usage affect safe care? Safe care: Institute of Medicine describes safe care as â€Å"avoiding the injuries to the patients from the care that is intended to help them. † The safe care can be explained in simple terms as avoiding unnecessary harm to the patients due to the services which are used to improve the health. Mostly it includes the improper drug dosages, physician induced errors/iatrogenesis, improper drug titrations. Information technologies used in health care systems often are poorly coordinated among the health care providers that lead to error. The sources for these errors include lack of proper experience of prescriber and staff in usage of technology. Shortcut or default selections can override non-standard medication regimens for elderly or underweight patients, resulting in toxic doses. Irrelevant or frequent warnings of the system that can interrupt work flow of physicians. One such error due to improper IT is Technological Iatrogenesis/ e-iatrogenesis: Technological iatrogenes is describes the new category of adverse events that result from technological innovation creating system and microsystem disturbances. Technology induced errors are significant and increasingly more evident in care delivery systems. This idiosyncratic and potentially serious problems associated with HIT implementation has recently become a concern for healthcare and information technology professionals. Healthcare systems are complex and adaptive, i. e. ; there are many networks and connections working simultaneously to produce certain outcomes. When these systems are under the increased stresses caused by the diffusion of new technology, unfamiliar and new process errors often result. If not recognized, over time these new errors can collectively lead to catastrophic system failures. How does the lack of proper information technology usage affect coordinated care? Coordinated care is the patient care which is provided throughout the treatment course may it be inpatient or out patient. As per the Commissions first National Scorecard report, coordinated care can be defined as â€Å"coordination of patient care throughout the course of treatment and across various sites of care helps to ensure appropriate follow-up treatment, minimize the risk of error, and prevent complication. † This type of care is typically complex and coordinated. Information is often not available to those who need it when it is needed, and as a result patients often do not get care they need, or alternatively do get care they do not need. Many lab tests are performed at outside laboratories, and because of this lack of integration, such results are generally unavailable via the information system, for example the unusual tests like electroencephalograms. When the images of a variety of types including radiographs and electrocardiograms can now readily be displayed, such images are typically not yet accessible to providers. More important, most hospital systems provide little or no clinical decision support to providers. Clinically decision support takes many forms that include passive display of information such as the last digoxin level and potassium in a patient receiving digoxin. Reminders for example, that a mammogram is due; alerts such as, the haematocrit is falling rapidly or that the patient has an allergy to the prescribed drug and, guidelines and suggestions about orders in a patient with a suspected myocardial infarction. Asking the providers to deliver todays complex care without such assistance is like asking a commercial pilot to fly with no instruments, given the vast array of information and knowledge that providers must handle. One more situation where clinical decision support fails is improper delivery of information in todays subsystems of health care providers. For example, the laboratory and pharmacy systems, they do not have good interfaces and thus cannot readily communicate with each other when required. This lack of communication makes extracting important information and providing clinical decision support vastly more difficult. Furthermore, the inpatient and outpatient systems in most healthcare systems are disconnected. Rarely providers have access outpatient medical information from the inpatient setting, or vice versa. This information is absolutely pivotal in providing safe, efficient medical care; after all, a patients allergies are the same both inside and outside the hospital. Covering for another physicians patient panel is vastly easier, safer and more efficient when their medical record; especially their problems, medications, and test results can be instantly accessed. Transfers from acute care to long-term care or home-care are also problematic; often little information is transferred with the patient. In general, outpatient care is much more fragmented than inpatient care, and would likely benefit even more from computerization and communication of information than inpatient care. The lack of electronic information also limits quality reporting. Most organizations report externally for both inpatients and outpatients using only claims data, as required by state and federal agencies. How does the lack of proper information technology usage affect effective care? Effective care is appropriate care given for preventing the chronic illness or treating a given condition. The Commission’s National Scorecard defines effective care as â€Å"services that are effective and appropriate for preventing or treating a given condition and controlling chronic illness†. Preventive care and chronic care lags behind because of inadequate availability and usage of information technology in the primary care. Source for such errors can be due to the lack of computerization of reminders and prevention guidelines in the health care systems, information system changes in the prevention and chronic care aspects. The patient oriented intervention programmes of educational or supportive nature are poorly coordinated. There is lack of proper computerized tracking and reminder system usage in the preventive services for geriatrics. Looking at the three sections in the quality of health care, the health care services are affected because of improper usage of information technology. One such example is the electronic health records (EMR). By definition EMR is the digital version of patient medical record in a physician office. Electronic health record (EHR) is the electronic record of patient’s health details beyond the physician office. These two are often used interchangeably. Usage of EMR in the health care systems is not widespread even though the amount of money spent on health care is huge. How can EMR affect the quality of care? Before that, let’s discuss the advantages and disadvantages of EMR. Pros and cons of using EMR: Electronic Medical Records are becoming widespread with the HITECH act which is passed in February of 2009. But most of primary care physicians still have not adopted the electronic health record systems in their practice. The benefits of electronic medical records, however, outweigh their disadvantages and it will be inevitable in the future that all practicing physicians have an electronic medical record for their patients. Advantages of EMR: Reduction in medical errors by digitizing patient records, physicians, nurses, and other care providers can freely access information. Nurses and doctors do not need to track down folders or worry about losing notes. Everything is documented in the Electronic Medical Records software. Decrease in the repeat procedures like laboratory test or blood report. A big reason for why patients pay for repeat procedures is because health care providers do not communicate information between different locations. Physicians order the same procedures because the information isn’t available for them to look at or too difficult to obtain. Finally it lowers the overall cost of health care. A decrease in repeat procedures decreases the cost of healthcare overall. Insurance companies need not pay for these procedures and thus it can help cover the other services. Disadvantages of EMR: The existing electronic medical records are clumsy, unsecure, and expensive. Many of the proprietary systems are to use with poor user interfaces and with too many features. With the less expensive software solutions, there is a risk of unsecure information being passed. Because these EMR systems are expensive, physicians charge their patients more. The practitioners aren’t incentivized to use. Many doctors don’t feel the need to convert to digitize patient records. The government incentives are designed to give a reimbursement to doctors who already have a system in place. Many physicians are stuck in their old ways. Most of the physicians are slow adopters of technology. Private practice has their own ways of doing things and is resistant to change. Overall, in the health care systems EMRs are inevitable. EMRs represent benefit to patients who care enough to take their healthcare into their own hands. Patients can create personal health records to track their own health progress which parallels patient records that are held by your doctor. With the usage of EMR systems in health care the patients would definitely benefit as the overall cost of treatment reduces, there could be more easy access to older records, and avoid unnecessary charges. So as we could make it clear, that information technology has more made the health care systems more favourable, we will have a look at the technologies which are existing in the market for making IT usage easier, as well how we can make IT more reachable with new policies and strategies. Already existing Strategies in the Market focusing on the IT usage in quality of care: Clinical Informatics to Promote Patient Safety (CLIP) AHRQs FY 2001 included $50 million for initiatives to reduce medical errors and improve patient safety. Small Business Innovative Research Program (SBIR) AHRQ devotes 2. 5 percent of its extramural research budget to support SBIR to help small businesses develop innovative technology that will lead to improvements in health care quality in the United States. The Integrated Delivery System Research Network (IDSRN) was developed to capitalize on the research capacity of large integrated delivery systems in the United States. In FY 2001, sixteen IDSRN projects were funded, and 7 of these projects specifically targeted to the use of IT in health care. Practice Based Research Network (PBRN) Translating Research into Practice (TRIP-I) program 1999; generate new knowledge about facilitating the use of rigorously derived evidence to

This Paper Will Address The General Form Of The Argument For The Ident

This paper will address the general form of the argument for the identity of the person (mind) with the body (brain). This argument will be found unsound because it is both invalid and because the premises on which the argument is based are, in fact, false. This analysis will include a critical examination of Logical Behaviorism, a theory that supports this argument. The argument is based on two premises (P): P1: The mind is subject to understanding and control by science. P2: Only what is quantifiable and sense-perceptible is subject to control by science. Therefore, based on these two premises, the following two conclusions (C) can be reached: C1: The mind is quantifiable and sense-perceptible. C2: The mind is the same thing as the body (brain). The validity of an argument is found when, if the premises are true, then the conclusions would follow logically from those premises. According to the premises established in the argument, the first conclusion would naturally follow. The argument seems to be logical and the conclusions do indeed follow from the premises. In addition, the second conclusion can also be reached from the premises, but only with the assumption that the body is the part of the person which is quantifiable and sense-perceptible. Because this assumption is taken as truth, the second conclusion follows in the argument. Therefore, it would seem that the overall form of the argument is valid. That, however, is not the case because the argument is begging the question. Begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the conclusion is assumed before it has been proved. In this case, the first premise, by claiming that the mind is subject to control by science, is pre-supposing that the mind is only physical - it is the body, the brain, the neurons. That, however, is the first conclusion of the argument. Therefore, in order to achieve the first premise, one needs to have already established the first conclusion and vice-versa. This argument, therefore, is faulted by circular reasoning because one aspect cannot be discussed without the other. Neither the premise nor the conclusion can stand alone without the other. Therefore, the overall argument is shown to be invalid. Soundness, however, also requires that the premises of the argument be true. While the second premise is generally taken as truth since science is self-described as controlling and understanding its subjects, the first premise is untrue because it does not take into consideration aspects of the person and the mind which cannot be explained. These aspects, which are used to describe the mental, include qualia, content, and self-knowledge. Qualia, or raw feelings refers to sensations and feelings experienced by the person. For example, when a person says I feel sick to my stomach they are referring to the sensation of nausea that overtakes their body, a sensation of which they are mentally aware. Science can explain the chemicals released in the stomach and the traveling of neurons from the stomach to the brain signaling the upset stomach, but it can't fully account for or explain the feeling the individual is experiencing. That feeling causes doubt that makes it difficult to believe that the mind is subject to understanding and control by science. Content, or intentional direction, refers to the about-ness or of-ness of our thoughts and our mental states. This would imply that certain semantic properties, such as carrying beliefs, understanding symbols, and reflecting personal predicates such as honesty, are involved in thought processes (Fodor 37). For example, when an individual says, That shirt is a nice shade of red, he or she is not referring to the wavelengths of light being emitted from the fabric but rather to the final color that they see. Perhaps, that person associates the color with certain feelings or memories. Red may remind him or her of a recent trip to Japan, a favorite shirt, or a raggedy, old stuffed animal. The thought is of the color and about the memory, not the physical quality of being red. The third aspect, self-knowledge, refers to the self-awareness an individual has regarding the existence of his or her mind, the existence of something non-physical. This involves the concept of privileged access. Privileged access refers to an individual's ability to directly access his or

Hypoxia and Aviation

Introduction The paper presents a review, analysis and a study on hypoxia faced by pilots at higher altitudes. The problems faced by pilots of commercial flights and the ways and means of dealing with them with the use of technology used in military planes will be the point of discussion and focus.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Hypoxia and Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The usage of technology that minimize the conditions of hypoxia at higher altitudes and reduction of its negative effects on pilots who deal with the decision-making process while flying will be analyzed, and recommendations will be given. Literature Review Hypoxia and Flying One of the foremost things of the primary requirements of humans is air. The lack of air, most specifically oxygen leads to hypoxia. Initially, hypoxia has been reported at high altitudes on mountains by mountaineers and after the invention of aero planes, t he pilots and flight attendants are experiencing the effects of hypoxia and are feeling stressed. This can be termed as ‘decompression sickness’ (Aronson K.S; 1991, 26) and has been first recognized or occurred in 1841. According to Aronson K.S (1991, 26) French mining engineer M. Triger ‘noticed symptoms experienced by miners after working in deep mine shafts’ (Aronson K.S; 1991, 26). Number of workers had been prone to joint pains and became vulnerable to paralysis. However, the same sickness can be felt in a reverse manner, which can be known as hypoxia, when pilots fly in the air in a plane. While they fly in the air, they experience decompressed air and don’t have enough oxygen in the air, they breathe that is required for normal metabolic activities of the body. Though the effects of hypoxia are not the same in different pilots, but it cannot be ignored as the effects are noticeable. In this regard, Aronson K.S (1991, 26-27) mentions about Paul Bert who is famous with the name ‘father of altitude physiology’. As per the information provided about Paul Bert’s observations, though the commercial flights flying at a height of around 20,000 feet, with the pressurized atmosphere, still there is a lack of pressure of oxygen as the pressurization is only enough if the aircraft flies at 8,000 feet. That means the commercial aircrafts are flying at a height of around 20,000 feet with the pressurized atmosphere that suits the altitude of 8,000 feet, which results in hypoxia in pilots and flight attendants.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aronson K.S (1991, 28) explains that when one goes to 18,000 feet above the sea level, the atmospheric pressure will be reduced to half of the standard pressure of one atmosphere. That means the oxygen availability also decreases by half of the amount that is available at the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. Consequently, the pilots and flight attendants who face this situation almost daily suffer from hypoxia (Aronson K.S: 1991, 25-28).1 Thus, pilots and flight attendants are mostly associated with hypoxia. Though the commercial air craft cabins do have enough induced pressure for the safety and health of passengers and crew, the hypoxia depends on altitude. According to Sharma L (2007), at an altitude of 8,000 feet, people in flight may experience mild hypoxia (Sharma L; 2007), even in the presence of the pressurized atmosphere. That means the pressurized atmosphere is lacking oxygen, and it is necessary to pressurize the flight interiors with oxygen. Exposure to hypoxia can be considered into two categories. Simply being exposed to hypoxia and working in the atmosphere of hypoxia. Pilots and flight attendants do work in the hypoxia atmosphere, and it may result in headache and loss of memory, which may affect future working status of pilots. The hypoxia may lead to stress, headache, backache, disturbed sleep, hearing problems and so on. Hence, ‘the nature and extent of physical/physiological problems and discomforts experienced by pilots’ (Sharma L; 2007) need to be examined, and a study is necessary to decide on the cause for the problems and difference from the normal state they are facing while in and after the flying hours. It is necessary to know about the variation of effects of hypoxia if any on the persons depending on their age and sex. As the effects of hypoxia may or may not present for a long-time, it is necessary to conduct tests on the pilots regarding hypoxia for each flight or in some airlines, they test pilots for the effects of hypoxia before each flight (Sharma L: 2007)2 so that necessary medication could be given.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Hypoxia and Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Howev er, according to Good W.A (1991, 104) the performance of the pilots might be degraded with ‘both prescribed and over the counter medications as well as by the medical conditions for which they are taken’ (Good W.A; 1991, 104). Normally, the medicines of hypoxia are sedative, tranquilizer or antihistamine. These medicines make a pilot ‘much more susceptible to hypoxia’ (Good W.A; 1991, 104) and hence it is necessary for the pilots to minimize the use of over the counter medicines. In addition to the above precautions alcohol can impair the pilot even many hours after its consumption and digestion due to hangover. The impairment of pilot may cause flight accidents and some of the major accidents give ground to the argument that hypoxia may be the reason for the inability that caused the accident. For example, two accidents at Dallas and Fort Worth involving Delta Airlines alongside the accident in Denver by the flight of continental airlines proved that the p ilots are the cause for the fatal happening, and hypoxia may be the reason for it. Another accident in Washington DC due to Air Florida flight, alongside the crash of North West flight in Detroit could be some more examples, where pilots are blamed for the happenings, and hypoxia may be a cause for it. Hence, one cannot rule out the role of hypoxia in flight crashes as it impairs the pilots’ ability to deal with the situation (Good W.A: 1991, 104-105).3 Pressurized Atmosphere and Hypoxia As hypoxia affects the ability of the pilot to deal with the adverse situations, modern aircraft are capable of operating at very high altitudes. The capability is due to the attempt to prevent hypoxia with the pressurized atmosphere. However, due to any unforeseen circumstances as if ‘sudden loss of cockpit pressure presents a life threatening hypoxia situation, requires an immediate response’ (Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B; 1997). To deal with the above-mentioned situations of rapid decompression situations that lead to hypoxia, the modern military aircrafts are having a system that gets the plane down to deal with the decompression and can be provided for commercial aircrafts also in the future.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The rapid get down of the plan in the condition of decompression is to minimize the effect of or slow down the onset of hypoxia by descending to a safe altitude, where the decompression at higher altitude could be controlled. To do this with commercial aircrafts also, a series of experiments had been done to reduce the impairment of pilot performance due to rapid de-compression. However, there exists severe hurdle to these experiments as to measure the performance of a pilot in these circumstances is very difficult as it depends on physiological state of the pilot. To minimize the physiological problems of pilots, the system has two features. One is related to breathing and another to put enough pressure on the body. The breathing system is known as positive-pressure breathing (PPB) through a mask. The second feature that consists of a jerkin with inflatable bladders puts pressure on limbs, chest, lungs and abdomen thus minimizing the effect of decompression or hypoxia. The PPB is t o delay the collapse of blood circulation system and hypoxia as well. The main hurdle to extend the usage of this system to commercial flights also is because it is necessary to provide these suits and masks to all the passengers, which is commercially not viable. However, the present review is regarding the effect of hypoxia on pilots, its consequences and ways and means of minimizing or avoiding it, the ‘first aim of the experiments was to determine the degree of performance impairment under rapid decompression and the extent the PPB can help in reducing it. The hypoxia may result in affecting the ‘visual serial choice reaction time (SCRT) task of the pilots, which may prove fatal and thus immediate reduction of hypoxia is necessary to avoid accidents in commercial planes. In addition to that Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B (1997) explains that the possible causes of performance deficit indicate hypoxia as it decreases the arterial blood oxygen saturation. This decre ase in saturation may result in slowing of reaction time for pilots and may result in accidents. Hence, hypoxia and its effects are to be studied to provide more comfortable and safety measures for pilots to reduce the contexts of performance deficits while flying (Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B: 1997).4 Conclusion: The literature review concludes that the hypoxia results in impairment of the pilot and may affect his/her decision making capability. Hence, it is necessary to contemplate about the safety measures that avoid the effects of hypoxia on pilots and minimize the negative effects on decision making capability. Methodology The methodology involved in this paper is a qualitative analysis of the topic with the help of available literature. The analysis has been supported by literature review, which provided enough background for the aspects that should be considered during analysis. The review starts from finding of effects of hypoxia to the effects of it on pilots and fligh t attendants and the measures that need to be taken to minimize or reduce it. The technology that helps in minimizing the effect of hypoxia and the possibility of usage of it has been reviewed, and the analysis will take place according to the aspects and conclusion of the review and as per the necessities of pilots, which help in reducing flight mishaps and improve air safety. Analysis/Discussion As far as the effects of hypoxia are considered, the ‘provision of the pilot against high sustained accelerations, against hypoxia’ (AEAT; 1993, 2) needs to be considered. The decompression effects at high altitude could be minimized by the technology that provides breathing gas. The breathing air can be provided from ‘engine bleed air’. To do this, ‘molecular sieve oxygen generator, which works on pressure breathing on exposure to acceleration( (AEAT; 1993, 2) is necessary as it provides not only oxygen necessary to breathe comfortably but also the minimum pressure necessary for the body to be normal at high altitudes, which result in decompression. That means to avoid the state of decompression and lung collapse; there should be a system in the cabin that provides pressure and oxygen respectively. To do so, protective garments are necessary as the mask provides oxygen for lungs and garment exerts enough pressure on the body in a decompressed atmosphere. In addition to that it is necessary to provide inward relief to the pilots as they experience suffocation due to lack of supply of oxygen. The cabin and other places in an aircraft need to have systems to replenish the back-up oxygen in case of decompression emergencies as the pilots may not take the right decision while they suffocate. The commercial plane makers can take a cue from the systems in war planes that provide ‘higher degree of protection and mobility’ (AEAT; 1993, 3) for the pilots. In this regard AEAT (1993, 3) explains about liquid conditioning to full cove rage anti g trousers, necessary for the pilots to face decompressed and hypoxia situations. However, the system and the garments provided to the pilots should be selected and made after taking into consideration functional characteristics. They are ‘operational life support, operational escape and survival, and personal’ (AEAT; 1993, 3). The operational life support should enable the pilot to take decisions regarding flight safety, which means the safety of passengers alongside self. The operational escape survival should consider the aspects that help the flight crew and passengers to escape in case of emergency. However, in commercial flights, operational life support is necessary as it is difficult to train the passengers regarding escape and survival attempts. However, operational life support equipment could be provided so that it could help the passengers also in the case of emergency. However, as the paper is about hypoxia and its effects on pilots and their deci sion making, the operational life support for the pilots is of utmost importance. The oxygen masks and pressure breathing garments can provide with the necessary operational life support necessary in the case of decompression and hypoxia faced by the pilots (AEAT: 1993, 1-3).5 This is due to the fact that at high altitudes, ‘the human body experiences hypoxia when it tries to adapt to lower atmospheric pressure and reduced oxygen level as well’ (Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E; 2004, 272). This results in increased heart rate, cardiac output and respiration rate as it is necessary to ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the body parts. To ensure that supply the above-mentioned activities will increase, and they return to the normal when the atmospheric pressure returns to normal. The changes in respiration, heart output and blood circulation result in change in the mood and it affects the physical and mental performance of the pilots. Hence, the safety measures and systems tha t are to be included in the flights should work in a manner to normalize the above mentioned increased activities. The increased heart output and blood pressure also results in a decrease of endurance of the body, and the consequence is the need of exercise performance. The decrease of endurance decreases the situation that allows to work and yet times may demand the days and weeks of exposure to enough oxygen. Hence, after every flight, it is necessary to examine the pilots for the status of endurance, physical fitness and mental stability as well. If this can be seen as an exaggerated response, they should be checked for the above features once in a stipulated period of time. This is because, Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E (2005, 273) explains that psychomotor performance would be degraded with the ascent of altitudes above 4,300 meters, and the accuracy of the decision-making process would be impaired. Penetar D.M et al (2005) further continues that there would be a delay in reaction an d significant impairment of cognitive performance, which is necessary for the pilots while taking decisions during flight. One measure that can be taken to reduce hypoxia though not up to the desired extent is not to ascend rapidly to altitudes above 1,800 meters (6000 feet) as that may put the individuals at risk and if the pilots are put at risk whole flight will be at risk. Hence, the intensity of effect of hypoxia depends on rapidness in the initial ascent, and if it could be reduced the intensity of the effect of hypoxia also could be reduced. As a result, alongside the systems that deal with decompression and lack of oxygen, the rules and regulations should stipulate the slow ascent to delay and minimize the effects of decompression and hypoxia. Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E (2005, 274) further explains that aviation equipment needs to be designed to provide enough haemoglobin saturation to pilots. This could be helpful in hypoxic environment and these systems are widely used only i n military planes, but not in commercial flights. Hence, these systems need to be modified according to the usage of commercial flights and offered to the pilots so that they could deal with hypoxic conditions successfully and this also helps them to remain fit even after continuous and frequent exposure to hypoxic conditions. The systems that deal with decompression sickness also should be considered as ‘Air Force over the past 20 years, with thousands of simulated altitude exposures revealed a 41 percent incidence of decompression symptoms’ (Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E: 2005, 272-275).6 Conclusion The hypoxia is the worst situation that any pilot can face while flying and can be considered as a major concern in aviation industry. As the safety of the passengers depends on the decision making capability and physiological condition of the pilot and flight attendants, it is necessary to have systems that deal with hypoxia and decompressed atmosphere. The systems should provi de operational life support to enable the pilot to perform the duties in conditions of decompression and hypoxia. The review and analysis concluded on the facts of development of systems that provide oxygen and pressure as well in the high altitudes for pilots. Recommendations It is necessary to provide oxygen and pressure in the cabin of the pilots to increase their decreased endurance due to decompression and hypoxia. To deal with hypoxia, the systems should provide oxygen for breathing. To deal with the decompressed atmosphere, the systems should provide pressure in the cabin so that the pilots can work in normal atmospheric pressure conditions. It is necessary to examine the pilots for their physiological conditions once in a stipulated period to find the negative effects of hypoxia on them if any. There should be institutional arrangements in aviation industry to deal with the decreased physical endurance of pilots. Reference List AEAT. (1993). SAFE Europe Symposium 1993. Air craft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 66 (1). Pp.2-4. Aronson K.S. (1991). Flight: The Physiological Stresses. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behavior and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. Pp. 25-28. Good W.A. (1991). The Post-Deregulation Pilot Job Market: Pilot Error or Personnel Economics?. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behaviour and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. Pp.104-105. Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B. (1997). Performance during Positive Pressure Breathing after rapid decompression up to 72000 feet. Human Factors. 39(1). Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E. (2004). The Physiology of Performance, Stress and Readiness, in James W. Ness, Victoria Tepe, and Darren R. Ritzer (ed.) The Science and Simulation of Human Performance: Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research. Volume 5. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp .267-305 Sharma L. (2007). Lifestyles, Flying and Associated Health Problems in Flight Attendants. Perspectives in Public Health. 127(6). Footnotes 1 Aronson K.S. (1991). Flight: The Physiological Stresses. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behavior and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. P. 25-28. 2 Sharma L. (2007). Lifestyles, Flying and Associated Health Problems in Flight Attendants. Perspectives in Public Health. 127(6). 3 Good W.A. (1991). The Post-Deregulation Pilot Job Market: Pilot Error or Personnel Economics?. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behaviour and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. P.104-105. 4 Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B. (1997). Performance during Positive Pressure Breathing after rapid decompression up to 72000 feet. Human Factors. 39(1). 5 AEAT. (1993). SAFE Europe Symposium 1993. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Techn ology. 66(1). Pp.2-4. 6 Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E. (2004). The Physiology of Performance, Stress and Readiness, in James W. Ness, Victoria Tepe, and Darren R. Ritzer (ed.) The Science and Simulation of Human Performance (Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, Volume 5). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.267-305 This assessment on Hypoxia and Aviation was written and submitted by user Davian Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using Caer, the Spanish Verb for Falling

Using Caer, the Spanish Verb for Falling The Spanish verb caer usually carries the idea of to fall and can be used in a variety of situations. While many of its uses can be translated using the English verb fall, a few cannot. Using Caer for To Fall and To Fall Over Here are some examples of everyday usage where caer is straightforwardly used for to fall or to fall over: El avià ³n cayà ³ en el ocà ©ano. (The plane fell into the ocean.)Si del cielo te caen limones, aprende a hacer limonada. (If lemons fall to you from the sky, learn to make lemonade.)Los barcos cayeron por las cataratas del Nigara. (The boats dropped over Niagara Falls.)El joven sufrià ³ un grave accidente al caer desde el tejado de la fbrica. (The youth had a serious accident when he fell from the factorys roof.)El coche cayà ³ por el barranco por causas que se desconocen. (The car fell over the cliff for unknown reasons.)El tanque se cayà ³ de un puente. (The tank fell off a bridge.) The same meaning can be applied figuratively: Exportaciones colombianas cayeron en 18,7 por ciento. (Colombian exports fell 18.7 percent.)El turismo en Bolivia cayà ³ por la gripe. (Bolivian tourism declined because of the flu.) Caer can also be used when speaking of weather: Las lluvias fuertes y prolongadas cayeron sobre Cuenca. (The strong and long-lasting rains fell on   Cuenca.)La extraordinaria belleza de la nieve que caà ­a le provocaba ms alegrà ­a. (The extraordinary beauty of the snow that fell made him more joyful.)Rompiendo un record, la temperatura cayà ³ 43 grados en tan solo una semana. (Breaking a record, the temperature fell 43 degrees in only a week.)   Using Caer for To Succumb Caer is frequently used to indicate the idea of succumbing or being overtaken by a force of some sort, or to fall into an error. The translation can vary with the context. La cantante confesà ³ que cayà ³ en la anorexia y la bulimia. (The singer admitted that she sank into anorexia and bulimia.)Caà ­ en la tentacià ³n de ser infiel. (I succumbed to the temptation of being unfaithful.)El hombre cayà ³ en la trampa del FBI. (The man fell into the FBIs trap.)No caigas en el error de prometer lo que no puedes conseguir. (Dont make the mistake of making promises you cannot keep.)Parà ­s cayà ³ bajo los tanques nazis. (Paris fell to the Nazi tanks.)Tras padecer un cncer, caà ­ en depresià ³n. (After suffering from cancer, I fell into depression.) Using Caer With Dates Caer can be used to mean that something falls on a particular date. It is used mostly commonly with days of the week. Este aà ±o mi cumpleaà ±os cae en jueves. (This year my birthday falls on a Thursday.)Si el dà ­a 30 de abril cae en domingo la fiesta se traslada al dà ­a 29. (If April 30th falls on a Sunday, the festival is moved to the 29th.) Using Caer To Indicate Compatibility Caer can be used with an indirect-object pronoun to suggest the idea of to get along with or to be OK with. The translation varies with context; often, a translation of to like or dislike will do. Me caen bien tus amigos. (I like your friends. Or, I get along with your friends.)Esto no va a caer muy bien a los otros equipos. (The other teams arent going to be pleased with this.)No me cayà ³ bien la decisià ³n. (I didnt like the decision. Or, the decision wasnt fine with me.)Ese desodorante le cae mal a mi piel. (That deodorant bothers my skin.) ¿Que profesores te caà ­an mejor? (Which teachers did you like best?)Me cayà ³ mal la comida. (The meal disagreed with me.) Conjugation of Caer Caer is conjugated irregularly. Irregular forms are shown in boldface below. Translations given are those most commonly used. Gerund:: cayendo (falling) Past participle: caà ­do (fallen) Present indicative:  caigo, tà º caes, el/ella/usted cae, nosotros/nosotras caemos, vosotros/vosotras caà ©is, ellos/ellas/ustedes caen (I fall, you fall, he/she falls, etc.) Preterite: yo caà ­, tà º caà ­ste, el/ella/usted cayà ³, nosotros/nosotras caà ­mos, vosotros/vosotras caà ­steis, ellos/ellas/ustedes cayeron (I fell, you fell, etc.) Present subjunctive: que caiga, que tà º caigas, que el/ella/usted caiga, que nosotros/nosotras caigamos, que vosotros/vosotras cagis, que ellos/ellas/ustedes caigan (that I fall, that you fall, etc.) Imperfect subjunctive: que yo cayera/cayese, que tà º cayeras/cayeses, que el/ella/usted cayera/cayese, que nosotros/nosotras cayà ©ramos/cayà ©semos, que vosotros/vosotras cayerais/cayeseis, que ellos/ellas/ustedes cayeran/cayesen (that I fell, that you fell, etc.) Affirmative imperative: cae tà º, caiga usted, caigamos nosotros, caed vosotros/vosotras, caigan ustedes (you fall, you fall, let us fall, etc.) Negative imperative: no caigas tà º, no caiga usted, no caigamos nosotros/nosotras, no cagis vosotros/vosotras, no caigan ustedes (dont you fall, dont you fall, let us fall, etc.)

NOKIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NOKIA - Essay Example eting Mix is a combination of variables which can be controlled by the organization, and those variables which can be used to increase the buyer’s numbers and also improve the buyer’s response. The variables are the 4p’s of marketing mix which are the Product, Price, Place, and Promotion of every product launched by every company as every firm tries to create all these variables in the correct perfection to achieve the highest customer satisfaction (Burrow, 2011, pp. 172-177). This refers to the various goods and the particular services being provided by the company to its target customers. Customers do buy a particular product because of their needs and they look to get high level of satisfaction from the product which they buy and spend their money in buying. Price is the variable which refers to the amount that the particular product or service is been charged from the customers. It is one of the very important variables as setting up the right price for the product or service is very important, as it affects a lot on the buyer’s buying decision. The goods or services been provided to the customers must be at the reach of the customers, customers will always prefer a service or a product which is easily available to them. So deciding the correct place for the launch of the particular product and the chain through which it is been launched is very important decision to be made. Customers must have the knowledge about the products or services that are been developed by the companies. For making the products visible and creating its brand image in the market it is very important to pitch the product in the market in the correct way using the various platforms like advertising, publicity and sales promotion. This helps the company to make their products visible to the customers and make their message reach the customers (Belchand and Michael, 2005, pp. 75-82). Nokia started way back in 1865, it first started with the production of paper that was been